How do you handle side effects in React, and what role does useEffect play?

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In React, side effects are operations that affect something outside the scope of the function being executed, such as data fetching, subscriptions, timers, or manually manipulating the DOM. These cannot be handled directly in the main body of a functional component because React’s rendering must remain pure and predictable.

The useEffect hook plays a critical role in managing side effects in functional components. It allows developers to run specific code after a component has rendered or when certain dependencies change.

How useEffect works:

  • useEffect(() => { /* effect code */ }, [dependencies])

  • The first argument is a function containing the side effect logic.

  • The second argument is an optional dependency array that controls when the effect runs:

    • Empty array ([]): Runs only once after the initial render (similar to componentDidMount).

    • No array: Runs after every render.

    • [dep1, dep2]: Runs only when specified dependencies change.

Handling Cleanup:

If the side effect needs cleanup (e.g., unsubscribing from a stream), useEffect can return a function

Common Use Cases:

  • Fetching data from an API

  • Subscribing to events or sockets

  • Setting up intervals or timeouts

  • Manually interacting with the DOM

In summary, useEffect enables React components to perform side effects in a controlled and declarative way, ensuring predictable and efficient updates in response to state or prop changes.

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