What are higher-order components (HOCs), and when should you use them?

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Higher-Order Components (HOCs) are a design pattern in React for reusing component logic. An HOC is a function that takes a component as an argument and returns a new component with enhanced behavior or additional props.

This pattern is similar to higher-order functions in JavaScript, where functions take other functions as arguments or return them. HOCs do not modify the original component but instead wrap it, promoting component reusability and separation of concerns.

When to Use HOCs

  • Code Reusability: When multiple components share similar logic (e.g., authentication, theming, data fetching), HOCs abstract this logic cleanly.

  • Cross-Cutting Concerns: Features like logging, error handling, or performance measurement can be injected via HOCs without polluting component logic.

  • Conditional Rendering: HOCs can handle logic for showing/hiding components based on props or state.

Best Practices

  • Use clear naming conventions like withAuth, withLoading, etc.

  • Avoid nesting too many HOCs—it can make debugging harder.

  • Don't use HOCs inside the render method—they should be defined outside to avoid unnecessary remounting.

While HOCs are powerful, React hooks are now often preferred for logic reuse in functional components due to better readability and flexibility. Nonetheless, HOCs remain useful in certain architectural scenarios.

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