What is prop drilling, and how can you avoid it in a large React application?

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Prop drilling in React refers to the process of passing data from a parent component down to deeply nested child components through multiple intermediate components, even if those intermediates don’t need the data themselves. This can make the code harder to maintain, as changes to the data or component structure may require updates across many levels.

Example of Prop Drilling:

If you have a component hierarchy like App → Parent → Child → Grandchild, and only Grandchild needs a certain prop, you’d still have to pass it through Parent and Child.

Problems with Prop Drilling:

• Reduces code clarity.

• Makes components tightly coupled.

• Increases the risk of bugs when refactoring.

Ways to Avoid Prop Drilling:

1. React Context API:
   Use React.createContext() to provide and consume data globally across components without passing props manually at every level. Ideal for app-wide themes, user info, or localization.

2. State Management Libraries:
   Tools like Redux, Zustand, or Recoil manage global state outside the component tree, reducing the need to pass data through props.

3. Custom Hooks:
   Encapsulate logic and shared state in custom hooks that components can call directly, avoiding the need to pass data through props.

4. Component Composition:
   Design components that use children or render props to share data without deep nesting.

By avoiding prop drilling, you improve scalability and maintainability, making your large React application easier to develop and debug.

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